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Radio Frequency and Microwave Engineering

What do you mean by cut off frequency of a waveguide? On what factor does the cut off frequency of a waveguide depend? Derive expression in support it.

23 November, 2024
Several modes of electromagnetic waves, corresponding to the solution of the Maxwell’s equations, propagate inside a waveguide. A given waveguide has a definite cut-off frequency for each allowed mode.
Analog Communication

Compare PAM, PWM and PPM

 23 November, 2024
PAM, PWM and PPM stands for Pulse Amplitude Modulation, Pulse Width Modulation and Pulse Position Modulation. In the PAM system carrier signal is rectangular pulse and that is why this system is called PAM.
Analog Communication

An AM transmitter has an un-modulated carrier power of 10 kW. It can be modulated by a sinusoidal modulating voltage to a maximum depth of 40%, without overload. If the maximum modulation index is reduced to 30%, what is the extent up to which the modulated carrier power can be increased without overloading?

 23 November, 2024
Given that Pc = 10kW Modulation index µ = 0.4
Analog Communication

Find the Fourier transform of the following:

Fig. 1

 23 November, 2024
From the figure, we have the function x(t) = 1 for 0 < t ≤ τ/2 and otherwise x(t) = 0
Analog Communication

Draw the block diagram of a super heterodyne receiver. Explain the function of each block. Explain the significance of the name super hetero dyne. How RF sections suppress the image channel? Why is up – conversion used in super heterodyne receive? Define image Rejection Ratio.

 23 November, 2024
Super heterodyne receivers was proposed as an alternative to TRF receiver which suffers from selectivity problem .The basic super heterodyne receiver is most widely used receivers at present. Super heterodyne principal is also used in television and radar receiver. In the super heterodyne receivers, the received RF signal voltage is combined with the local oscillator voltage and is converted into a signal of lower fixed frequency.
Analog Communication

"FM and PM are different but inseparable." – Justify the statement.

 23 November, 2024
The expression for FM and PM are almost identical. FM and PM cannot be distinguished at a constant modulating frequency.
Analog Communication

What are Narrowband FM and Wideband FM?

 23 November, 2024
A narrow band FM is the FM wave with a small bandwidth. The modulation index β of narrow band FM is small as compared to one radian. Hence, the spectrum of narrowband FM consists of the carrier and upper side band and lower side band.
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