A Database Management System (DBMS) is a software tool that allows users to store, retrieve, manage, and manipulate data efficiently. It provides a structured way to organize data in databases, ensuring data integrity, security, and accessibility. DBMS supports operations like data insertion, updating, deletion, and querying through a user-friendly interface or programming language (e.g., SQL). It is widely used in applications ranging from small businesses to large-scale systems, enabling efficient data handling and supporting decision-making processes. Examples include MySQL, Oracle, and MongoDB.
33 questions and answers
What is attribute inheritance? Describe the concept of specialization and generalization in the context of ER-data model.
The higher-level entity type (or super-class) has the attributes that are common to all of its lower-level entity types (or sub-classes). These common attributes of the super-class are inherited by all of its sub-classes. This property is known as attribute inheritance.
State the advantages of using database system over file-based information system.
The database approach offers a number of potential advantages compared to traditional file processing systems.
Describe the Three-Schema Architecture of DBMS. Distinguish Physical Data Independence and Logical Independence.
The goal of the three-schema architecture is to separate the user applications and the physical database. In this architecture, schemas can be defined at 3 levels:
Discuss the ACID properties of transaction.
A transaction is a very small unit of a program and it may contain several low-level tasks. A transaction in a database system must maintain Atomicity, Consistency, Isolation, and Durability − commonly known as ACID properties − in order to ensure accuracy, completeness, and data integrity.
State the steps involved in query processing. Why is the query optimization needed?
Query processing refers to the range of activities involved in extracting data from a database. The activities include translation of queries in high-level database languages into expressions that can be used at the physical level of the file system,
Explain how to reduce a relationship set of an E-R diagram into relational schema.
There are several processes and algorithms available to convert ER Diagrams into Relational Schema. Some of them are automated and some of them are manual. We may focus here on the mapping diagram contents to relational basics.
What is the need for normalization? Explain 2nd and 3rd normal form with example.
Consider the following relation:
EMP_PROJ { SSn, Pnumber, Hours, Ename, Pname, Plocation}
Assume { SSn, Pnumber} as primary key.
The dependencies are {SSn, Pnumber}→ Hours; SSn →Ename; Pnumber → {Pname, Plocation}.
Normalize the above relation into 2NF.
Develop a good description of the data, its relationships and constraints Produce a stable set of relations that Is a faithful model of the enterprise Is highly flexible
Write short notes: B tree
A B-tree is a tree structure where every node corresponds to a disk page and which satisfies the following properties:
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